NAD+
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide — sirtuin substrate, DNA repair and longevity
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About NAD+
NAD+ (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) is an essential coenzyme with a molecular weight of 663.4 Da, present in all living cells and playing a central role in energy metabolism, DNA repair and epigenetic gene regulation. NAD+ was first discovered in 1906 by Arthur Harden and William John Young as "cozymase" while investigating alcoholic fermentation — work that earned Harden the 1929 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. The structure was elucidated in the 1930s by Hans von Euler-Chelpin. NAD+ exists in two forms: the oxidized form (NAD+) and the reduced form (NADH), which together function as electron carriers in over 500 enzymatic reactions, including glycolysis, the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. Landmark work by Imai & Guarente (Trends in Cell Biology, 2014) and Sinclair (Cell, 2013) shows the age-dependent decline of intracellular NAD+ levels as a causal factor in cellular senescence and mitochondrial dysfunction. NAD+ is the essential substrate of three enzyme families: the sirtuins (SIRT1-7), a family of NAD+-dependent deacetylases that regulate epigenetic modifications, mitochondrial biogenesis and inflammatory responses; the PARP enzymes (Poly-ADP-Ribose Polymerases), essential for DNA repair and genomic stability; and the CD38/CD157 ectoenzymes, which metabolize NAD+ in the context of calcium signaling. The central study by Rajman et al. (Cell Metabolism, 2018) documents improvement of mitochondrial function and stem cell activity through NAD+ supplementation in various animal models. Camacho-Pereira et al. (Cell Metabolism, 2016) identified CD38 as the main driver of age-related NAD+ decline and showed that CD38 knockout mice are protected from age-associated NAD+ loss. Clinical data from Martens et al. (Nature Communications, 2018) show that NAD+ precursors (NR) raise NAD+ levels in healthy older adults by 60% and can reduce systolic blood pressure by 5 mmHg.
Specifications
- Substrate of sirtuins SIRT1-7 — regulation of epigenetic modifications, mitochondrial biogenesis and inflammation
- Age-dependent decline of intracellular NAD+ levels via CD38 activity (Camacho-Pereira et al., Cell Metabolism 2016)
- Essential role in 500+ enzymatic reactions: glycolysis, citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation
- Substrate of PARP enzymes for DNA repair and genomic stability — critical under DNA damage
- Improvement of stem cell activity and tissue regeneration in several animal models (Rajman et al., 2018)
- NAD+ precursors raise NAD+ levels by 60% and reduce systolic blood pressure by 5 mmHg (Martens et al., Nature Comm. 2018)
- NAD+ depletion as common denominator of neurodegenerative diseases: Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and ALS
- CD38 knockout mice are protected from age-associated NAD+ loss — CD38 identified as therapeutic target
- Over 100 years of research history since discovery as "cozymase" by Harden & Young (1906, Nobel Prize 1929)
- NMN supplementation fully reverses age-related NAD+ decline in the mouse model (Yoshino et al., Science 2011)
Research context
Central review: Rajman et al., "Therapeutic Potential of NAD-Boosting Molecules: The In Vivo Evidence", Cell Metabolism, Volume 27, Pages 529–547 (2018), DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.02.011. This comprehensive analysis evaluates over 30 preclinical studies on NAD+ precursors and direct NAD+ supplementation. Sirtuin research summarized in Imai & Guarente, "NAD+ and sirtuins in aging and disease", Trends in Cell Biology, Volume 24, Pages 464–471 (2014), DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2014.04.002. Age-dependent NAD+ depletion mechanistically clarified in Camacho-Pereira et al., "CD38 Dictates Age-Related NAD Decline and Mitochondrial Dysfunction through an SIRT3-Dependent Mechanism", Cell Metabolism, Volume 23, Pages 1127–1139 (2016), DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.05.006. First clinical data on NAD+ supplementation in Martens et al., "Chronic nicotinamide riboside supplementation is well-tolerated and elevates NAD+ in healthy middle-aged and older adults", Nature Communications, Volume 9, 1286 (2018). The role of NAD+ in neurodegeneration is described in Lautrup et al. (Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2019), where NAD+ depletion was identified as a common denominator of Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and ALS. Yoshino et al. (Science, 2011) showed that NMN (Nicotinamide Mononucleotide) can fully reverse the age-related decline of NAD+ levels in the mouse model.
Storage & handling
Temperature
-20°C (lyophilized) / 2–8°C (reconstituted)
Conditions
Protect from direct light and moisture
Shelf life
18 months (lyophilized, sealed vial)
Reconstitution of NAD+
Solvent
Bacteriostatic water (0.9% benzyl alcohol)
Volume
2–5 mL
Concentration
250 mg/mL at 2 mL, 100 mg/mL at 5 mL
Step-by-step
- 1Allow the vial and bacteriostatic water to reach room temperature (15–20 minutes).
- 2Use an alcohol swab to disinfect the rubber stoppers of both vials.
- 3Draw the desired amount of bacteriostatic water (2–5 mL) using a sterile syringe.
- 4Place the needle against the side of the vial and let the water run slowly down the inner wall.
- 5Gently swirl the vial or roll it between your palms until the powder is fully dissolved. NAD+ usually dissolves quickly — never shake.
- 6Visually inspect the clear solution for particulates. Do not use if cloudy.
- 7Store reconstituted NAD+ immediately at 2–8°C and use within 14 days. NAD+ is less stable in solution than lyophilized.
- 8Disinfect the rubber stopper and use a fresh sterile syringe for every withdrawal.
Frequently asked questions
What is NAD+ and what role does it play in the body?
NAD+ (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) is an essential coenzyme in all living cells. It plays a central role in energy metabolism, DNA repair via PARP enzymes and epigenetic regulation via the sirtuin family (SIRT1-7).
Why do NAD+ levels decline with age?
The age-dependent decline of intracellular NAD+ levels is well documented scientifically (Camacho-Pereira et al., Cell Metabolism, 2016). This decrease is considered a causal factor in cellular senescence and impairs mitochondrial biogenesis and DNA repair capacity.
How is NAD+ reconstituted and stored?
The lyophilized NAD+ powder is reconstituted with bacteriostatic water. Store lyophilized at -20°C, reconstituted at 2–8°C. Protect from direct light and moisture.
What is the purity of the NAD+ product?
Our NAD+ is supplied at >99% purity. Every batch undergoes strict quality control to ensure identity, purity and stability of the coenzyme.
In which quantities is NAD+ available?
NAD+ is available as lyophilized powder in 500 mg and 1000 mg variants. Shelf life is 18 months in the sealed vial under correct storage.
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